Bio of Robert Goddard, American Rocket Scientist

Bio of Robert Goddard, American Rocket Scientist Robert Hutchings Goddard (October 5, 1882–August 10, 1945) was an influential American rocket scientist whose work shaped the history of space exploration. Yet, as far-reaching as Goddards work became, it was not acknowledged as important by the government or military for much of his life. Nevertheless, Goddard persevered, and today all rocket technologies owe him an intellectual debt. Fast Facts: Robert H. Goddard Full Name: Robert Hutchings GoddardOccupation: Engineer and rocket developerBorn: October 5, 1882 in Worcester, Massachusetts, USAParents Names: Nahum Goddard, Fannie L. HoytDied: August 10, 1945 in Worcester, Massachusetts, USAEducation: Worcester Polytechnic Institute (B.S. Physics, 1908). Clark University (M.A. and Ph.D. Physics, 1911).Key Achievements: First successful rocket launch on American soil in 1926 in Worcester, MA.  Key Publications: A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes (1919)Spouses Name: Esther Christine KiskResearch Area: Rocket propulsion and engineering Early Life Robert Goddard was born in Worcester, Massachusetts, on October 5, 1882, to farmer Nahum Goddard and Fannie Louise Hoyt. He was sickly as a child, but had a telescope and often spent time studying the sky. He eventually became interested in science, particularly the mechanics of flight. His discovery of Smithsonian magazine and articles by flight expert Samuel Pierpont Langley ignited a lifelong interest in aerodynamics. As an undergraduate, Goddard attended Worcester Polytechnic Institute, where he studied physics. He earned his physics Ph.D. at Clark University in 1911, then took a research fellowship at Princeton University the following year. He ultimately joined the faculty at Clark University as a professor of aerospace engineering and physics, a post he held much of his life. Research With Rockets Robert Goddard began writing about rockets while he was still an undergraduate. After getting his Ph.D., he focused on studying the atmosphere using rockets to lift instruments high enough to take temperature and pressure readings. His desire to study the upper atmosphere drove him to experiment with rockets as a possible delivery technology. Goddard had a hard time getting funding to pursue the work, but he eventually persuaded the Smithsonian Institution to support his research. In 1919, he wrote his first major treatise (published by the Smithsonian) called A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes, outlining the challenges of lifting mass high to the atmosphere and exploring how rockets could solve the problems of high-altitude studies.   Dr. Robert H. Goddard and His Rockets. NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (NASA-MSFC) Goddard experimented with a number of different rocket configurations and fuel loads, beginning with solid-rocket propellant fuel mixes in 1915. Eventually, he switched to liquid fuels, which required a redesign of the rockets he was using. He had to engineer fuel tanks, turbines, and combustion chambers that hadnt been fashioned for this kind of work. On March 16, 1926, Goddards first rocket soared up from a hill near Worcester, MA, on a 2.5-second flight that went up just over 12 meters.   That gasoline-powered rocket led to further developments in rocket flight. Goddard began working on newer and more powerful designs using bigger rockets. He had to solve problems controlling the angle and attitude of rocket flight, and also had to engineer rocket nozzles that would help to create greater thrust for the vehicle. Goddard also worked on a gyroscope system to control the stability of the rocket and devised a payload compartment to carry scientific instruments. Eventually, he created a parachute recovery system to return the rockets and payload safely to the ground. He also patented the multi-stage rocket in common use today. His 1919 paper, plus his other investigations into rocket design, are considered classics in the field. Dr. Goddard at his Launch Control Shack. NASA Headquarters - GReatest Images of NASA (NASA-HQ-GRIN) Goddard and the Press Although Goddards groundbreaking work garnered scientific interest, his early experiments were criticized by the press as being too fanciful. Notably, however, much of this press coverage contained scientific inaccuracies. The most famous example appeared on January 20, 1920, in The New York Times. The article mocked Goddards predictions that rockets might someday be able to circle the Moon and transport humans and instruments to other worlds. The Times retracted the article 49 years later. The retraction was published on July 16, 1969- the day after three astronauts landed on the Moon: Further investigation and experimentation have confirmed the findings of Isaac Newton in the 17th Century and it is now definitely established that a rocket can function in a vacuum as well as in an atmosphere. The Times regrets the error. Later Career Goddard continued his work on rockets throughout the 1920s and 30s, still fighting for recognition of the potential of his work by the U.S. government. Eventually, he moved his operations to Roswell, NM, and with financial backing from the Guggenheim family, he was able to carry out more rocket research. In 1942, Goddard and his team moved to Annapolis, Maryland, to work on jet-assisted take-off (JATO) technology.  He continually refined his designs throughout World War II, although not sharing his work with other scientists. Goddard preferred secrecy due to his concerns about patent infringement and intellectual property theft. (He repeatedly offered his services and technology, only to be rebuffed by the military and government.) Near the end of World War II and not long before his death, Goddard had a chance to see a captured German V-2 rocket and realized just how much the Germans had copied his work, despite the patents he had gained.   Death and Legacy Throughout his life, Robert H. Goddard remained on the research faculty at Clark University. After World War II, he  joined the American Rocket Society and its board of directors. However, his health was deteriorating, and he died on August 10, 1945. He was buried in Worcester, Massachusetts. Goddards wife, Esther Christine Kisk, gathered his papers after his death and worked on securing patents after Goddards death. Many of Goddards original papers containing his seminal work on rockets can be seen of the Smithsonian Institution Archives. Goddards influence and impact continues to be felt throughout our current space exploration efforts, plus those in the future. Honors Robert H. Goddard may not have been honored fully during his lifetime, but his legacy lives on in many places. NASAs Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) is named after him, as are several schools across the U.S. He amassed 214 patents for his work during his lifetime, with 131 being awarded after he died. There are streets and park that bear his name, and the Blue Origin makers have named a reusable launch vehicle for him. Sources â€Å"Robert Hutchings Goddard Biographical Note. Archives and Special Collections, Clark University. www2.clarku.edu/research/archives/goddard/bio_note.cfm.Garner, Rob. â€Å"Dr. Robert H. Goddard, American Rocketry Pioneer.† NASA, NASA, 11 Feb. 2015,www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/about/history/dr_goddard.html.Lemelson-MIT Program.† Edmund Cartwright | Lemelson-MIT Program, lemelson.mit.edu/resources/robert-h-goddard.Petersen, Carolyn Collins. Space Exploration: Past, Present, Future. Amberley, 2017.Sean M. â€Å"March 1920 - ‘Report Concerning Further Developments’ in Space Travel.† Smithsonian Institution Archives, Smithsonian Institution, 17 Sept. 2012, siarchives.si.edu/history/featured-topics/stories/march-1920-report-concerning-further-developments-space-travel.

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 86

Assignment Example Hint: There are two null hypotheses for each research question here. (2 pts. each, 8 pts. total). (d) List the type of variable for the dependent variable and independent variables (categorical or continuous). (.50 pt. each, 4 pts. total). Recall that researchers often compute total scores or average scores as a composite score when using measures. 1. What statistical test did the researchers conduct to test research question 2 and research question 3? (1 pt.) Was each test the appropriate one to use? Why or why not? (1 pt.) Hint: Consider how many groups they were comparing for school type by looking at the dfbetween in Table 3. 4. What is the Cohen’s d effect size for the difference in cyber bullying between males and females? (1 pt.) Interpret the effect size as small, medium, or large. (.50 pt.) Interpret the effect size in terms of standard deviation. (1 pt.) 1. Did the intervention (KWL group) and control groups statistically significantly differ on the pre-tests for the MAT, MI, or MAS? Support your answer with evidence from the article. Include what alpha level the researchers used as the criterion. (2 pts.) An Independent Samples t-test is used to draw inferences about two populations by comparing TWO INDEPENDENT samples on a continuous level dependent variable. In this case the researchers were drawing conclusions about the pre-test scores study group and control groups which are independent. 1. (a) State one research question from your area of interest that could be answered with an Independent Samples t-test (2 pts.). Identify the (b) independent variable (1 pt.), (c) dependent variable (1 pt.), and types of variables in your research question (2 pts.). 2. (a) State one research question from your area of interest that could be answered with a One-Way Analysis of Variance (2 pts.). Identify the (b) independent variable (1 pt.), (c) dependent variable (1 pt.), and types of variables in your research question (2 pts.). 3. (a) State one

Regulation of Industrial Relations in the UK Essay

Regulation of Industrial Relations in the UK - Essay Example Up to the 1950s, the UK state’s role in industrial relations was characterized as involving minimum intervention (Kahn-Freund, 1969). However, since the end of the Second World War, the UK state has increasingly intervened in industrial relations. It is fair to state that given the increased intervention by the UK state in industrial relations it is reasonable to conclude that there has been a determined shift away from voluntarism relative to collective bargaining agreements toward state intervention in supporting some minimum standards within the employment contract. The government or state’s intervention has moved toward a more active role in regulating the relationship between employee and employer and working conditions in the UK. This paper demonstrates the UK state’s shift from voluntarism to actively supporting minimum standards within the employment contract by tracing state intervention and the methods by which state intervention has been utilized. In general, states intervene in industrial relations in a variety of roles and capacities. They may intervene as an employer or as a supervisor or regulatory agent for income and price setting. States may also intervene as economic management, or for the protection of standards. States intervene in industrial relations as legislators and rule-makers. States may also intervene in industrial relations in an attempt to establish and promote the parameters of social order (Hyman, 2009). Historically, the UK has operated as an employer in its own right signifying private employers should follow the state’s example in how it treats its employees. As a result of this approach to employment principles, it was expected that employees in the public sector would seek to avoid tensions and conflicts in the workplace (Rollinson & Dundon, 2007).

The Impact of Technology on Todays Society Essay Example for Free

The Impact of Technology on Todays Society Essay â€Å"How has technology changed our lives? † Throughout the years we have been experiencing a dramatic change in the world of technology. IPhone’s, Blackberries, and laptops are becoming an important part of our daily lives. We are all so dependent on these devices that sometimes we treat them as if it is part of our family. Technology has become a priority for many people, and it is likely that people with choose technology over many other things. Although technology has made life easier for us and more convenient, there are several ways in which it has damaged the quality of our life. First, technology has a negative impact on our social life; second, technology takes over our free time; and finally, technology has negatively changed the way we learn. In the twentieth century technology is definitely something that the world cant live without. We can never put an end to the development of technology, but people should consider the massive amount of damage this wonderful creation is putting upon us. People are starting to become dependent and emotionally attached to these technological devices. It is becoming very difficult for today’s generation to spend a few hours, or even minutes without the usage of technology. These sorts of desperations towards technology changed people’s social lives. Though they have created social networking websites such as â€Å"Facebook†, It is not an effective way to communicate with people, simply because conversations are very vague. Communication is talking to friends in person, not texting them, or talking to them online. The computer is like a wall between you and the real person that you just cannot get through when you are texting. People who tend to communicate with others on the computer and talk to their friends over instant messaging or texting surely do not know the meaning of socializing. Even though some may be very shy, the technology will give them even less confidence to go out and socialize with people with real people. Roy McGregor (2012) analyzes the negative impact of technology on our lives and he states â€Å"We are physically short of breath, emotionally short of tranquility, and relationally short of hours required to focus on the people most important to us† (p. 149). People tend to spend more time using technology rather than connecting with their families and friends. Starting a long detailed conversation with someone in person is almost impossible, simply because there is not enough to talk about, and people are adjusted to quick way of talking through text messaging. A couple of years ago families setting around the dining table and talking about their day was a normal routine, but that is no longer the case for most families, since there are portable devices that could be taken any where, even the dining table! Technology has departed families and friends, taking away the attention we deserve from people who are important to us. Furthermore, technology is taking over our free time. People are always busy using their â€Å"Time saving devices† (McGregor, 2012, p. 148) when it is actually destroying their time, even when they are free. Whether we are at school, work, or at home there is always something to do on the Internet, or on T. V. There are many activities that people could consider doing on their free time, for example out door activities, but people choose technology because it is becoming a number one source of amusement. In the â€Å"Embraced as a Time Saver, Technology Has seduced us into Giving up so Much† article, the author states the following: â€Å"What these devices have done, he argues it squeeze what used to be free time down to practically nothing† (McGregor, 2012, p. 149). According to McGregorwhat used to be considered as free time is now being taken over by technology. Today’s young generation is being affected the most by this era of technological devices. If the world of technology continues to be used in a non-effective way the future generations may suffer a lot from this in terms of this addiction towards technology. Decreasing the unnecessary usage of technology might actually improve the quality of an individual’s life, by allowing them to make time for more exciting activities, and creating a better life for them selves and the future generations. Technology has changed the way people gain knowledge. We don’t read books as much as before, because the information that is being provided on the web is only a click away. Our relationship with the Internet has impacted the way we read information that is being provided to us. Reading is becoming a difficult task for many people, because it is hard to stay focused and read a page, without the flashy colors of the computer screen. In the article â€Å" What the Internet is doing to our Brains† the author states, â€Å"Now my concentration often starts to drift after two or three pages. I get fidgety, lose the thread, and begin looking for something else to do† (Carr, 2009, p. 87). In our generation we cannot get through a research assignment without the use of the Internet, because we just want quick notes, and easy access to information. The Internet also changes the way we think, because online articles are very basic and broad information that is being given to us, so we do not take the time to actually judge the information that is being provided. Everything on the Internet has already been summarized, therefore leaving no space for the brain to actually perceive and analyze knowledge that is being provided to it. Although the Internet has made our lives so much easier, by providing us immediate results, it has a negative long-term effect by decreasing our level of intelligence. In conclusion, although technology is a great accomplishment for the human race, it has not completely improved our quality of life. We are definitely fast paced and effective, but technology has gone to far and it has been negatively affecting some important aspects of our daily lives. Technology has affected our quality of life. It causes isolation from our social life, it takes away too much time, and finally it has negatively affected the way we absorb and gain knowledge.

Anthem Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anthem Essay   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As one reads Ayn Rand’s significant quotes from the story of anthem, there is always a main theme that is trying to escape, just as Prometheus escaped in her story. All three of the listed quotes work as a trio to sing that We; as society, works to defeat individuality. The quotes emphasize that we cannot survive without individualism and being alone brings out our unique personalities. It is true that all the quotes work as one, but at the same time they have their own individualism. Each quote holds a purpose of its own and the author wants to express the quote to each persons understanding. Rand’s quote, â€Å"The word ‘We’†¦ crushes all beneath it, and that which is white and that which is black are lost equally in the tray of it,† implies that the black and white are the independent people in society. It is shown that as people are made on in society by gathering they lose their independence. As one all the minds of the people mix their black and white paint to produce a lost tray. They no longer have their own ideas, but now they have a conclusion of everyone’s ideas All the unique qualities of the people are crushed and the group gets all the credit for being unique. People do not want to be put together and treated equally. People want to be treated with respect for what they have done. In the novelette, Prometheus invents electricity by using his own mind. He wants credit for this invention and wou...

Hard Skills Vs. Soft Skills Essay

Introduction One million dollar question, which project and human resource management have asked for several years while doing recruitment, is whether do recruit individual endowed with hard skills or soft skills. This leads to asking the quest that between the two is the most important for an organization. Hard skills can be defined as technical know how or specific abilities that relate to the core business that an organization does to networking, machine operations among others. Soft skills, on the other hand, are subjective and undefined (Peggy, 2007).   It mostly deals with issues like communication, problem-solving, and conflict resolution among others. However, everybody agrees that both skills are necessary for the success of an organization, which between the two is most crucial? The crucial character of a manager is the ability to be flexible, a manager who can understand organization process, tools and techniques being utilized within the organization. Managers should be able to adapt to all types of organization and project process and have technical know-how on running team operation. This characteristic emphasizes on the soft skills and portrays technical skills as added advantage (Peggy, 2007) Managers spent most of their time almost 90% communicating, solving problems, negotiating planning among others. These are mostly soft skills that are being put to use. One can, therefore, argue that although both skills are essential, soft skills are being required in a higher percentage to help in coordinating hard skills for an organization success. Peggy (2007) states that whenever one wants to stay competitive and ahead of the game, one need to keep his or her hard skills sharp. However, for one to succeed faster, he needs to keep his soft skills updated. Therefore, in conclusion, soft skills always precede hard skills for an average person and training institution should ensure more soft skills in their employees. Motivation is one of the key elements for the performance of organization employees, as individuals who are highly motivated performs more than individuals who are not highly motivated. The motivation factors come from soft skills which when combined with hard skills then individuals can be in a position to achieve or reach self actualization. All employers needs employees who could deliver assignments in time and factor of time management plays very important aspect of project success. It also brings the idea of planning within organization which is an aspect of soft skills. Therefore we can conclude that even if one possess greater aspect of hard skills, without elements of soft skills the project can not be successful and always hard skills plays second place to soft skills. Good leadership calls for effective communication and without effective communication, project cannot pick off and starts operating smoothly, most researchers have argued that one with soft skills can assembly individuals with technical know-how and operates organization smoothly while individuals with only technical know-how could not manage an organization. This supports the arguments that human beings in terms of labour are the most valuable asset of an organization and if well managed then the organization will realize success. Hence soft skills are superior to hard skills. Reference Peggy K. (2007) THE HARD TRUTH ABOUT SOFT SKILLS: WORKPLACE LESSONS SMART PEOPLE WISH THEY’D LEARNED SOONER by.   Klaus & Associates, Inc.

Homeschooling And Public Schools Types Of Schooling Essay

Homeschooling and public schools are two types of schooling in America. Both types of education have their similarities as well as their differences. Statistics indicates that â€Å"about 3 percent of the school-age population was homeschooled in the 2011–12 school year† (http://nces.ed.gov/FastFacts/display.asp?id=91). Statistics also show that, â€Å"In fall 2015, about 50.1 million students will attend public elementary and secondary schools. Of these, 35.2 million will be in prekindergarten through grade 8 and 14.9 million will be in grades 9 through 12† (http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=372). Homeschooling and public schools are the same in a few ways, including the same courses are being instructed and they are a form of education. They are different in schedules, extracurricular activities, and differ in number of staff. From the results of statistics, it is clear that both types of schooling are actively being utilized. Whether more children a ttend public school, or are homeschooled, there are a few similarities and differences between them. Homeschooling and public schools deliver a small amount of similarities. Both kinds of schooling share the same courses as well as being educated. Homeschoolers and students who attend public schools have to learn the same subjects. Whether you are in public school or homeschooled, you will be required to complete â€Å"four English’s, three Mathematic classes, three sciences, three social studies, two arts or humanities, and oneShow MoreRelatedDisadvantages Of Homeschooling1426 Words   |  6 PagesHomeschooling should be considered as a viable option for educating children K-12 along with public schooling and private schooling. Homeschooling can be chosen for negative reasons, such as sheltering children or providing an easier opportunity for parental abuse. It is somewhat controversial both legally and socially with stigmas attached to it that are not always true. 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